The Four Mandarin Chinese Tones

Tones are an essential part of proper pronunciation. In Mandarin Chinese, many characters have the same sound. Therefore tones are necessary when speaking Chinese in order to differentiate words from each other.   Four Tones There are four tones in Mandarin Chinese, which are: First tone: a level and higher pitchSecond tone: rising, start from a lower pitch and end  at a slightly higher pitchThird tone:  falling rising, start at a neutral tone then dip to a lower pitch before ending at a higher pitchFourth tone:  falling, start the syllable at a slightly higher than neutral pitch then go quickly and strongly downwards Reading and Writing Tones Pinyin uses either numbers or tone marks to indicate the tones. Here is the word ‘ma’ with numbers and then tone marks: First tone: ma1 or mÄ Second tone: ma2 or mà ¡Third tone: ma3 or mÇŽFourth tone: ma4 or mà   Note that  there is also a neutral tone in Mandarin. Its not considered a separate tone, but it is an unaccented syllable. For example,  Ã¥â€"Ž / Ã¥ â€" (ma) or  Ã© º ¼ / ä ¹Ë† (me).   Pronunciation Tips As mentioned earlier, tones are used to determine which Mandarin Chinese word is being implied. For example, the meaning of  mÇŽ (horse) is very different from mÄ  (mother). Thus when learning new vocabulary, it is really important to practice both the pronunciation of the word and its tone. The wrong tones can change the meaning of your sentences. The following table of tones has sound clips which allow you to hear the tones. Listen to each tone and try to mimic it as closely as possible. Pinyin Chinese Character Meaning Sound Clip m (trad) / (simp) mother audio m hemp audio m / horse audio m / scold audio

The Power Of Everyman s Journey Through Hell - 1249 Words

The Power of Everyman’s Journey Through Hell In religious contexts, sin is the act of violating God s will. Sin can also be viewed as â€Å"anything that violates the ideal relationship between an individual and God, leading to a period of estrangement between the two†. This is not necessarily a permanent separation, but if one dies without correcting such problem, then the separation does become permanent. In order to atone for one’s transgressions, salvation –deliverance by redemption from the power of sin and from the penalties ensuing from it – is necessary. This entails sorrow for one’s sins and a fundamental change in attitude as well as a confession of sin to God. Following this repentance, one may again seek a personal relationship with God. The nature of sin is explored in Dante’s Inferno where the main character travels through Hell, where sinners receive punishment according to God’s justice. Dante Alighieri portrays himself as the â€Å"Everyman† in order for the reader to easily identify with him. In addition, the characterization of Virgil, the setting depicted in the Inferno and the story of Ulysses enhance the substance of the poem and contribute to its allegorical interpretation. However, allegorical interpretation does not detract from the original story as told but contains an added significance intended to represent not only Dante’s life but also what Dante the poet perceived to be the universal Christian quest for God. The general structure of Inferno is anShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Play Everyman 1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe play â€Å"Everyman† is a representative work depicting virtues of mid century Europe. This play brings with it a strong influence of the mid century Christianity. â€Å"Everyman† specifically portrayed vividly the reaction of human beings in the face of death. Its deep discussion into the worth of living and philosophical interpretations has surpassed category of religion at the time. It involved every person who’s ever thought about the meaning of life. Similarly, we can also see the shadow of a philosophicalRead MoreAn Analysis of The Summoning of Everyman1884 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: Everyman Everyman Introduction The play The Summoning of Everyman, which in short is also referred to as Everyman is a morality religious play that was written in the 15th century. One of the main aims of the play is to revisit Christian salvation by making use of certain allegorical characters. Obtaining of Christian salvation has been explained in the play. The main morale of the play is that the good and bad deeds will be accounted for by the God after death and resurrectionRead MoreDomenico Di Michelino s Divine Comedy1918 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Domenico di Michelino (1417-1491), an Italian painter and medieval poet was known best for his epic poem, The Divine Comedy, which includes sections representing the three tiers of the Christian afterlife: Purgatory (Purgatorio), Hell (Inferno), and Paradise (Paradiso). This poem was a great work of medieval literature and was considered the greatest work of literature composed in Italian. The Divine Comedy was a Christian vision of mankind’s eternal fate. When The Divine ComedyRead MorePurgatorio Essay4430 Words   |  18 PagesDantes question of whether the worlds evil is imposed by stellar influence, Marco Lombardo, one of the souls in Purgatory, responds that through right reason people can control the impulses that admittedly do originate in the stars. An individuals fate is not, therefore, determined by uncontrollable impersonal forces. Rather, the world has turned to evil through poor leadership. Souls are born as lovers of pleasure, and they will continue to cl ing to childish self-indulgence unless laws and leaders

Moral Dilemma Free Essays

Amy is a sweet six year old girl from our neighborhood and she had always played with my dog when she got home from preschool. I was friends with her mother and she was already familiar with me which meant that I did not have to establish rapport to interview her. I sought permission from the parents if I may use her responses to a moral dilemma in my course assignments and they gave their consent. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Dilemma or any similar topic only for you Order Now Amy is a precocious child, she likes to play with the neighborhood kids and she can argue even with those older than her when she wants to prove a point. I was trying to devise a moral dilemma that was fitted for her age and reality and I thought of using my dog in it so she would be more able to relate. One afternoon, right after school, I asked Amy the following: Suppose you were playing in this yard, and you saw that Boo had been wandering in the neighbor’s lawn and you saw him made a mess in the lawn. You know that the neighbors might get angry with it but since you really love Boo and he might get in to trouble if you tell the neighbors that he made a mess in their lawn you do not say anything. Now that the neighbors had found out about it and they suspected that the other neighbor’s dog did it and they were actually going to have the dog arrested. What would you do? After some thought, Amy asked me whether the police would really arrest the dog after making a mess in the neighbor’s backyard and although I was actually trying hard not to laugh, I told her that in this city they do. Amy fell silent and thought for a while, and then she said, I  guess I have to tell because the police will find out and I might get arrested too. I then asked her, what if the police question you; will you tell then or not? Amy replied that she would not lie  because God would be angry with her. I also told her, what if the neighbor’s won’t be angry, will she still tell? Amy replied that she would not because no one had asked her and she would not want Boo to get into trouble. I also asked her whether what Boo did was bad and does she not think not telling I bad? Amy said that what Boo did was not wrong or bad because dogs are really like that and she did not think that not telling was bad either because no one asked her. I must admit that Amy’s responses had me confused and I was reading Kohlberg’s moral stages of development and I tried to determine at what stage Amy was, even if she was just 6 years old, she had some pretty logical responses like when she said that Boo was not bad because dogs really do mess on lawns and that she was not bad because she did not lie at all, it was that no one asked her. She made it clear that if someone asks her, then she would tell the truth because she would not want God to be angry with her. Using Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, I will try to examine Amy’s responses fully. According to Kohlberg, moral development proceeds in a successive pattern and each moral reasoning is distinct from the other, although some people may resort to an earlier moral reasoning stage to examine a moral dilemma (Boyd Bee, 2006). For example, a child is said to be in the first stage of moral development which Kohlberg calls precoventional morality and wherein the child’s moral reasoning is determined by punishment and authority. An older child  may be oriented towards conventional morality where a certain amount of goodness is ascribed to actions that benefit family members or society would still use the authority and punishment orientation if the situation presents itself. With Amy’s responses it is clear that she was still in the first stage. She was not going to lie because God would be angry with her, this to her meant that God punishes all children who lie and since God is all knowing and sees her actions then God would be able to tell whether she was saying the truth or not. This clearly indicates the orientation to think in terms of authority and punishment. Amy was more likely to have been told numerous times that lying is bad and even if no one would know that one is lying, God is able to tell who is lying or not thus it does not make sense to lie at all. It is also noteworthy that Amy uses the word lie to not saying the truth but to refer to not saying anything as not telling. This implies that Amy is able to distinguish to a certain degree when a wrong is committed, lying is bad but not telling is not bad. An older child might argue that not telling is the same as lying but then it is probably an influence of Amy’s environment and the people she interact with. On the other hand, when Amy said that Boo was not wrong at all because he was a dog and dog naturally make messes in the lawn tells me that she actually has a fairly good idea about how man and animals are different and how dogs are not governed by the moral reasoning of man (Sandstrom, Martin Fine, 2006). This is actually reflects the second stage in Kohlberg’s reasoning, although the subject is Boo, it still shows that Amy is able to discern that punishment is a risk that one has to avoid. For example, she said that she did not want Boo to get into to  trouble so she would not tell. This meant that she did not want Boo to be punished and she has a role in it, but if she was going to be the one punished or someone else’s dog then that would not be right and therefore she just have to say the truth so she won’t get punished. Amy also was probably in the outset of the third stage of moral development, she was trying to protect Boo and had given Boo a sense of identity and feelings by saying that Boo would be in trouble and arresting Boo would not be right. Amy was maintaining good interpersonal relationships, she thought that by protecting Boo she was being good to Boo and since she liked Boo she was obligated to protect Boo’s welfare. However, since she argued that if someone asked her about Boo’s crime, she would not lie is still in the obedience stage. The whole exercise had made me think that Kohlberg was probably right in saying that moral development proceeds in distinct patterns. But I would argue that it is not as strictly hierarchical as Kohlberg claim it to be. We know that stage theories presuppose that one stage leads to another and that a person cannot be able to proceed to the next stage if he/she does not go through the first one (Crain, 2005). This is actually true, but the stages are more fluid and a person can gravitate from one stage to another. It does not indicate moral maturity or highly ethical principles but it just shows how people progress in their moral thinking. Amy at 6 years old is quite adept at making her point about lying and not lying and about being punished and God being angry with her. But it also revealed that she is capable of higher thinking processes  that are actually rational even for a 6 year old like her. Kohlberg also said that the stages of moral development is influenced by the socialization process (Kohlberg, 1986), and in effect is merely a product of how a child is socialized into thinking about what is wrong and what is right. Amy comes from a very religious family and God is an ever present element in their house that it is no wonder that Amy think of God like that. It could also be that because Amy is still young, and her parents might think that she would be more obedient to God than to other authority figures and therefore has inculcated in her mind that God punishes liars. In the end, moral development is actually more a function of how a child is reared and trained, it is the parent’s role to instill moral values and train them into thinking morally right. References Boyd, D. Bee, H. (2006). Lifespan Development 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Crain, W. (2005). Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Kohlberg, L. (1986). The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper and Row. Sandstrom, K., Martin, D. Fine, G. A.   (2006). Symbols, Selves, and Social Reality 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Roxbury Press    How to cite Moral Dilemma, Essay examples

Expatriate Management at AstraZeneca †Free Sample Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Expatriate Management at AstraZeneca? Answer: Introduction: This assignment deals with a case study that analyzes the expatriate management issues that can occur in an organizational structure. This assignment focuses on a pharmaceutical company namely AstraZeneca. It is the fifth largest pharmaceutical organization in the world with revenues of US$ 31.6 billion and around 66,000 employees across the world. Over the years, AstraZeneca has able to build a strong reputation for handling its expat management practices. Around 350 employees of AstraZeneca are working on both short-term and long-term international assignments. AstraZeneca provided language and cultural training to their potential expat so that they can able to handle issues in a different culture. This case study critically analyzes AstraZenecas expats policies. Discussion: The term expatriate defines an employee sent to a different country by his/her company to manage operations. In an organization, expat is an employee who works and lives in a foreign location other than his/her home country. AstraZenecas policy for international assignments stipulates that a business rationale had to be present to handle any issue. To implement this, AstraZeneca team up the potential expats with an international assignment manager (IA manager), who brief the expats on organization policies and opportunities. The expats also provided with several trainings by AstraZeneca before leaving for any international assignment. AstraZeneca provides this training to give information about the culture of the host country, particularly the major differences with the expats home country. Sometimes for follow-up workshops in the assigned country, expats stayed in touch with their IA manager in addition to the home country manager. AstraZeneca provides necessary flexibilities that are required for the expats to achieve a work/life balance. According to its HR manager, AstraZeneca is aware of the fact that they are working across various time zones. Hence, their expats are provided with several considerations so that their work/life can remain in balance. For this, AstraZeneca implemented a combination of things to have a culture that supports work/life balance. Some expats of AstraZeneca felt that practices like preparing employees for different international assignments, giving them support and assigning IA managers were very effective. As these practices, encourage expats to perform well in unknown environments. However, there are some complaints from companys expat population regarding work/life balances. According to them, the company will send fewer people on an international assignment because of the poor performance of the economy. Since sending people on international projects costs highly, the company will have to take a second look at the situation. Many also predicted a cut of compensation associated with international projects. AstraZenecas step of cutting costs by sending employees on short-term international assignments also influences this thought. On the other hand, AstraZeneca has cleared that they do not have any plan in near future to deploy their international staffs. Since dealing with international assignments are critical, companies need to look at several factors beyond expenditure to identify the right person to perform this job. AstraZeneca also announced that they are more concern about choosing right person rather than the costs associated with it. Hence before choosing anyone, AstraZeneca can consider some factors (Vaiman et al., 2015). An employees willingness to serve overseas is a key measure for identifying expat. Since this job demands geographical relocation, AstraZeneca can fill out an application by their existing employees. In that application form, AstraZeneca can ask their employees whether they are willing to relocate internationally and their preferred location. AstraZeneca also needs to be consistent in their practices and procedures for expatriates. AstraZeneca has policies that are written with the expats in mind (Czajor, 2015). However, AstraZeneca needs to ensure these policies are applied to all the expatriates around the world. Key issues like reimbursement, compensation packages and benefits are needed to be cleared to the expats before assigning them any international projects. A support network is also crucial for expats. However, AstraZeneca's practices of assigning IA managers are praised by their expatriates immensely; still company need to keep focus on not to rushed employees on foreign a ssignments (Marples Gravelle, 2014). When expats are on foreign assignments, they can be under immense stress due to transitions of roles, differences in language, values, culture and expectations (Hayat, 2014). As a result, AstraZeneca needs to be extremely cautious in choosing right expats for the right positions and at the right locations. AstraZeneca can build a personal development committee between departmental staff and human resource staff to nominate most suitable candidate for the assignment. After this, IA managers need to conduct a telephonic interview to choose the right candidate (Smith Tornikoski, 2012). Informing employees about the content of the assignment is very crucial because an expatriates nomadic lifestyle is not for everyone (De Cieri Bardoel, 2015). By providing information, AstraZeneca can give their expats a realistic overview of the job that will help expatriates to handle stress during the assignment more easily. AstraZeneca also needs to provide proper educational counseling for expats children. This will help expatriates family to settle down in an unknown country. Otherwise, expatriates may not fully devote themselves to work responsibilities which will in turn reduce expats productivity (Dabic et al., 2015). AstraZeneca can also arrange a pre-assignment trip to give a realistic overview of the assignment that the expatriates are expected to perform. Pre-assignment trip can be a key factor as it gives a realistic overview to the expatriates about the kind of challenges he/she will have to face during the assignment (McEvoy Buller, 2013). Pre-assignment trip also helps expatriates by providing them firsthand experience to the culture in which they are going to work during the assignment. Cultural training is also a key factor, as it helps employees to deal with unpredictable incidents in the new culture. The ability to adapt different culture is one of the most essential elements of a successful expatriate (Bonache Noethen, 2014). However, AstraZeneca is known for the kind of training they provide to their employees. Still more is focus needed to be given to this factor. As every international assignment associated with lots of money, company need to be certain about its decisions. Other wise, it might fail to recover its investments (Berry Bell, 2012). Conclusion: Building a proper expat system is like constructing a building, that is tall strong and attractive. Pre-departure support from the organization is a long process that prepares expatriates for their overseas assignment. This continues support for expats during the foreign assignments allows them to adjust and response to several encounters in differential cultural environment. AstraZeneca is considered as one the best in the world in providing support to the expatriates. Since, it is very much focused on providing right kind of training and support to its expats. AstraZenecas policies of providing IA manager have been praised highly by its employees. Since these managers have provided them the right kind of support to deal with several challenges in foreign cultural environments. AstraZeneca's key challenges will be to link foreign assignments directly to their company's carrier paths in order to be able to take advantages of the skills and experiences that expats develop during their transfers in long-term foreign assignments. AstraZeneca has already taken initiatives to provide proper carrier path to its expected expatriates. The changes of expats management of several MNCs indicate that the other companies are also considering the issue of expat management very seriously. Changes in the way of perceiving carrier among the younger generations suggest that employees are not completely willing to focus on their professional lives on a single employer. Therefore, organizations have lot to lose if they do not handle their foreign assignments properly. Hence, it is critical for AstraZeneca to identify and develop their future expat management strategies in response to evolving corporate needs. References: Berry, D. P., Bell, M. P. (2012). Expatriates: gender, race and class distinctions in international management.Gender, Work Organization,19(1), 10-28. Bonache, J., Noethen, D. (2014). The impact of individual performance on organizational success and its implications for the management of expatriates.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(14), 1960-1977. Czajor, J. (2015). Expatriate Management/International Assignment Policy. InDos and Donts in Human Resources Management(pp. 131-133). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Dabic, M., Gonzlez-Loureiro, M., Harvey, M. (2015). Evolving research on expatriates: what is knownafter four decades (19702012).The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(3), 316-337. De Cieri, H., Bardoel, E. A. (2015). A Framework for Work-Life Management in Multinational Corporations. InWork and Family Interface in the International Career Context(pp. 197-217). Springer International Publishing. Hayat, S. A. (2014). A survival strategy for small businesses: The need to adapt global HR practices.Global Journal of Human Resource Management,2(2), 13-24. Marples, D. J., Gravelle, J. G. (2014). Corporate expatriation, inversions, and mergers: Tax issues. McEvoy, G. M., Buller, P. F. (2013). Research for practice: The management of expatriates.Thunderbird International Business Review,55(2), 213-226. Smith, M., Tornikoski, C. (2012). Ethical issues for international human resource management.Business Ethics: A Critical Approach: Integrating Ethics Across the Business World, 317. Vaiman, V., Haslberger, A., Vance, C. M. (2015). Recognizing the important role of self-initiated expatriates in effective global talent management.Human Resource Management Review,25(3), 280-286.

Expatriate Management at AstraZeneca †Free Sample Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Expatriate Management at AstraZeneca? Answer: Introduction: This assignment deals with a case study that analyzes the expatriate management issues that can occur in an organizational structure. This assignment focuses on a pharmaceutical company namely AstraZeneca. It is the fifth largest pharmaceutical organization in the world with revenues of US$ 31.6 billion and around 66,000 employees across the world. Over the years, AstraZeneca has able to build a strong reputation for handling its expat management practices. Around 350 employees of AstraZeneca are working on both short-term and long-term international assignments. AstraZeneca provided language and cultural training to their potential expat so that they can able to handle issues in a different culture. This case study critically analyzes AstraZenecas expats policies. Discussion: The term expatriate defines an employee sent to a different country by his/her company to manage operations. In an organization, expat is an employee who works and lives in a foreign location other than his/her home country. AstraZenecas policy for international assignments stipulates that a business rationale had to be present to handle any issue. To implement this, AstraZeneca team up the potential expats with an international assignment manager (IA manager), who brief the expats on organization policies and opportunities. The expats also provided with several trainings by AstraZeneca before leaving for any international assignment. AstraZeneca provides this training to give information about the culture of the host country, particularly the major differences with the expats home country. Sometimes for follow-up workshops in the assigned country, expats stayed in touch with their IA manager in addition to the home country manager. AstraZeneca provides necessary flexibilities that are required for the expats to achieve a work/life balance. According to its HR manager, AstraZeneca is aware of the fact that they are working across various time zones. Hence, their expats are provided with several considerations so that their work/life can remain in balance. For this, AstraZeneca implemented a combination of things to have a culture that supports work/life balance. Some expats of AstraZeneca felt that practices like preparing employees for different international assignments, giving them support and assigning IA managers were very effective. As these practices, encourage expats to perform well in unknown environments. However, there are some complaints from companys expat population regarding work/life balances. According to them, the company will send fewer people on an international assignment because of the poor performance of the economy. Since sending people on international projects costs highly, the company will have to take a second look at the situation. Many also predicted a cut of compensation associated with international projects. AstraZenecas step of cutting costs by sending employees on short-term international assignments also influences this thought. On the other hand, AstraZeneca has cleared that they do not have any plan in near future to deploy their international staffs. Since dealing with international assignments are critical, companies need to look at several factors beyond expenditure to identify the right person to perform this job. AstraZeneca also announced that they are more concern about choosing right person rather than the costs associated with it. Hence before choosing anyone, AstraZeneca can consider some factors (Vaiman et al., 2015). An employees willingness to serve overseas is a key measure for identifying expat. Since this job demands geographical relocation, AstraZeneca can fill out an application by their existing employees. In that application form, AstraZeneca can ask their employees whether they are willing to relocate internationally and their preferred location. AstraZeneca also needs to be consistent in their practices and procedures for expatriates. AstraZeneca has policies that are written with the expats in mind (Czajor, 2015). However, AstraZeneca needs to ensure these policies are applied to all the expatriates around the world. Key issues like reimbursement, compensation packages and benefits are needed to be cleared to the expats before assigning them any international projects. A support network is also crucial for expats. However, AstraZeneca's practices of assigning IA managers are praised by their expatriates immensely; still company need to keep focus on not to rushed employees on foreign a ssignments (Marples Gravelle, 2014). When expats are on foreign assignments, they can be under immense stress due to transitions of roles, differences in language, values, culture and expectations (Hayat, 2014). As a result, AstraZeneca needs to be extremely cautious in choosing right expats for the right positions and at the right locations. AstraZeneca can build a personal development committee between departmental staff and human resource staff to nominate most suitable candidate for the assignment. After this, IA managers need to conduct a telephonic interview to choose the right candidate (Smith Tornikoski, 2012). Informing employees about the content of the assignment is very crucial because an expatriates nomadic lifestyle is not for everyone (De Cieri Bardoel, 2015). By providing information, AstraZeneca can give their expats a realistic overview of the job that will help expatriates to handle stress during the assignment more easily. AstraZeneca also needs to provide proper educational counseling for expats children. This will help expatriates family to settle down in an unknown country. Otherwise, expatriates may not fully devote themselves to work responsibilities which will in turn reduce expats productivity (Dabic et al., 2015). AstraZeneca can also arrange a pre-assignment trip to give a realistic overview of the assignment that the expatriates are expected to perform. Pre-assignment trip can be a key factor as it gives a realistic overview to the expatriates about the kind of challenges he/she will have to face during the assignment (McEvoy Buller, 2013). Pre-assignment trip also helps expatriates by providing them firsthand experience to the culture in which they are going to work during the assignment. Cultural training is also a key factor, as it helps employees to deal with unpredictable incidents in the new culture. The ability to adapt different culture is one of the most essential elements of a successful expatriate (Bonache Noethen, 2014). However, AstraZeneca is known for the kind of training they provide to their employees. Still more is focus needed to be given to this factor. As every international assignment associated with lots of money, company need to be certain about its decisions. Other wise, it might fail to recover its investments (Berry Bell, 2012). Conclusion: Building a proper expat system is like constructing a building, that is tall strong and attractive. Pre-departure support from the organization is a long process that prepares expatriates for their overseas assignment. This continues support for expats during the foreign assignments allows them to adjust and response to several encounters in differential cultural environment. AstraZeneca is considered as one the best in the world in providing support to the expatriates. Since, it is very much focused on providing right kind of training and support to its expats. AstraZenecas policies of providing IA manager have been praised highly by its employees. Since these managers have provided them the right kind of support to deal with several challenges in foreign cultural environments. AstraZeneca's key challenges will be to link foreign assignments directly to their company's carrier paths in order to be able to take advantages of the skills and experiences that expats develop during their transfers in long-term foreign assignments. AstraZeneca has already taken initiatives to provide proper carrier path to its expected expatriates. The changes of expats management of several MNCs indicate that the other companies are also considering the issue of expat management very seriously. Changes in the way of perceiving carrier among the younger generations suggest that employees are not completely willing to focus on their professional lives on a single employer. Therefore, organizations have lot to lose if they do not handle their foreign assignments properly. Hence, it is critical for AstraZeneca to identify and develop their future expat management strategies in response to evolving corporate needs. References: Berry, D. P., Bell, M. P. (2012). Expatriates: gender, race and class distinctions in international management.Gender, Work Organization,19(1), 10-28. Bonache, J., Noethen, D. (2014). The impact of individual performance on organizational success and its implications for the management of expatriates.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(14), 1960-1977. Czajor, J. (2015). Expatriate Management/International Assignment Policy. InDos and Donts in Human Resources Management(pp. 131-133). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Dabic, M., Gonzlez-Loureiro, M., Harvey, M. (2015). Evolving research on expatriates: what is knownafter four decades (19702012).The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(3), 316-337. De Cieri, H., Bardoel, E. A. (2015). A Framework for Work-Life Management in Multinational Corporations. InWork and Family Interface in the International Career Context(pp. 197-217). Springer International Publishing. Hayat, S. A. (2014). A survival strategy for small businesses: The need to adapt global HR practices.Global Journal of Human Resource Management,2(2), 13-24. Marples, D. J., Gravelle, J. G. (2014). Corporate expatriation, inversions, and mergers: Tax issues. McEvoy, G. M., Buller, P. F. (2013). Research for practice: The management of expatriates.Thunderbird International Business Review,55(2), 213-226. Smith, M., Tornikoski, C. (2012). Ethical issues for international human resource management.Business Ethics: A Critical Approach: Integrating Ethics Across the Business World, 317. Vaiman, V., Haslberger, A., Vance, C. M. (2015). Recognizing the important role of self-initiated expatriates in effective global talent management.Human Resource Management Review,25(3), 280-286.

How Do Men and Woman Communicate Differently in Relationships Essay Example Essay Example

How Do Men and Woman Communicate Differently in Relationships? Essay Example Paper How Do Men and Woman Communicate Differently in Relationships Essay Introduction How do men and woman communicate differently in relationships? Monique Giresi Professor Martin Analytical Reading 81148 I. A. How To Stay Married Anne Kingston Magazine Article B. He Said, She Said Deborah Tannen Magazine Article II. A. The magazine article titled, â€Å"How to Stay Married,† begins with a story about a 68-year old woman named Cynthia. The article has a narrative style of writing in the beginning, however as one reads on, the style converts to expository. Anne Kingston, the author, begins to teach the reader by using examples of others and personal experiences to support her point. B. The magazine article titled, â€Å"He Said, She Said,† is an expository piece of writing. Deborah Tannen, the author, is a professor of linguistics at Georgetown University, and the author or several books; proving that Tannen is very knowledgeable on this subject. Throughout the article there are many examples (such as pre-school children conversing) in which Tannen uses to as proof, to show that man are more interested in hierarchy, and woman are more interested in equality. III. A. How To Stay Married Stability 1. â€Å".better health, a rich shared history, the comfort of having omeone who has your back, and personal and economic stability amid global uncertainty. † (p2) 2. Stability- To have a solid and strong balance or partnership. 3. Having my boyfriend by my side as a person to talk to when I was upset, gave me a great sense of the stability. Amid 4. â€Å".better health, a rich shared history, the comfort of having someone who has your back, and personal and economic stability amid global uncertainty. † (p2) 5. Amid- During a course of something. 6. I know that I’ll always have my family for support amid the stressful school year. Rampant 7. .sexual secrecy in marriage is rampant, from a woman buoyed by the memory.† (p4) 8. Rampant- Uncontrollable rage. 9. When sitting in class during a discussion, it is rampan t that I respond my opinion. Infidelity 10. â€Å"Not that Krasnow is advocating infidelity, though flirting is fine.† (p4) 11. Infidelity- Adultery; cheating on your spouse. 12. In my house, we don’t believe in divorce, nor do we believe in infidelity. Therefore, we get married at an older age so we are sure the man/woman is worth the marriage. Extramarital 13. â€Å"Unlike husbands, wives are driven to extramarital affairs. (p4) 14. Extramarital-Having sexual intercourse with someone other than your spouse. 15. It is wrong in many religions for one to include themselves in extramarital affairs. B. He Said, She Said Innumerable 16. â€Å".sheds a light on innumerable adult conversations – and frustrations. † (p3) 17. Innumerable- Incapableofbeingcounted;countless. 18. Some art has innumerable opinions on its meaning. Fathom 19. â€Å".he did exactly what she requested and cannot fathom why she would keep talking about a problem.† (p3) 20. How Do Men and Woman Communicate Differently in Relationships? Essay Body Paragraphs Fathom- To understand; discover the meaning of 21. Many people cannot fathom the reasoning of some criminal’s actions. Commiserate 22. â€Å"in other words, â€Å"topping† each other can be another way to commiserate† (p4) 23. Commiserate- To feel or express sorrow or sympathy for. 24. Everyday my mother calls my aunt and asks how she is feeling. She doesn’t do this because she should, she does it to commiserate my aunt. Interplay 25. â€Å"How does this way of talking reflect the interplay of connection and hierarchy? † (p5) 26. Interplay- Circumstances, events, or personal relations. 7. How does practicing a sport from a young age reflect the interplay of performance later in life? Inextricably 28. â€Å"The two are not mutually exclusive but inextricably intertwined. † (p7) 29. Inextricably- Extremely involved. 30. I am inextricably concerned with my schoolwork. IV. A. The magazine article titled, â€Å"How to Stay Married,† is w ritten in a cause –effect pattern of organization. Authors who use the cause-and-effect approach don’t just tell what happened; they try to explain why it happened too. In this article, author Anne Kingston uses various examples of cause-and-effect. One sample from Kingston’s article is, â€Å"it’s precisely the disconnect between that expectation that husband and wife be everything to one another and the reality of marriage that causes women to keep secrets.† (p3) Here Kingston begins her statement with the effect and concludes it with the cause of women keeping secrets. B. The magazine article titled, â€Å"He Said, She Said,† is written in a comparison-contrast pattern of organization. Authors who use the comparison-contrast approach both; compare and contrast two things throughout the argument. In this article, author, Deborah Tannen uses several examples of comparison-contrast. One illustration from Tannen’s article is, â€Å"he r point of view, asking directions means making a fleeting connection to a stranger and getting where you are going without losing anything. From his perspective, he would be putting himself in a one-down position to a stranger.† (p4). Here Tannen shows how opposite men and women think sometimes. V. C. How To Stay Married Facts 1. â€Å"And what their stories reveal is that marital longevity requires wives to establish strong, separate identities from their husbands through creative coping mechanisms, some of them covert. (p2) Fact because there is proof within the book â€Å"The Secret Lives of Wives: Women Share What Its Really Like To Stay Married. † That book shares stories from different women, all proving this statement to be true. 2. â€Å"Both the marriage rate and divorce rate are dropping. † (p3) Fact because the evidence to this is created from true statistics. D. He Said, She Said Facts 3. â€Å".men’s talk tends to focus on hierarchy.where as women’s tends to focus on connection.† (p2) Fact because earlier the author explains that she has collected and analyzed thousands of men and women interacting for over three decades. Her gathered information has led her to this conclusion. 4. â€Å".I have a brother named Benjamin and a brother named Jonathan.I have a brother named Benjamin and a brother named Jonathan, too.why she would say such a thing. † (p3) Fact because the father is explaining a conversation that really happened. VI. E. How To Stay Married Opinions 5. â€Å"Divorce fractured families. † (p3) Opinion because there are cases in which a divorce can help the family. Sometimes it may decrease arguments and stress. 6. .couples should give each other ‘space’ for marriage to thrive.† (p3) Opinion because some couples may feel that for a marriage to thrive the couple should be together as much as they could and share new experiences together as a whole, as one. F. He S aid, She Said Opinions 7. â€Å".actual sibling relationships are defined not only by the connection of shared family, but also by the hierarchy of birth order. † Opinion because this is not true with every family. For example, I’m the youngest and my sibling and I feel equal among each other. We don’t see one another as higher, lower, better or worse. 8. Sisters often feel acutely competitive about who knows what about family member’s secrets-or who knows what first. † (p6) Opinion because this isn’t true for every sister relationship. For example, in my family we don’t have a preference with who knows what first, as long as eventually we all get to know the information. Every family is different and every sister relationship is not alike. VII. G. The magazine article â€Å"How to Stay Married† by Anne Kingston discusses women’s role in modern marriages. There are several examples taken from the book â€Å"The Secrets Lives of Wives: What It Really Takes to Stay Married. This article also shares some stories of women committing adultery and Kingston provides some advice on the type of person one should marry. H. The magazine article â€Å"He Said, She Said† by Deborah Tannen discusses the different conversation styles of men and women. There are various examples proving that men’s discussion focuses more on hierarchy, and woman’s dialogue emphasizes more on connection. Some samples throughout the article include; a man and woman lost-wondering if they want to ask a stranger for directions or not, preschoolers playing with classmates, and sibling relationships. VIII. How Do Men And Women Communicate Differently In A Relationship? To start, men and women communicate differently in, or out, of a relationship. This is proven by Deborah Tannen in the magazine article â€Å"He Said, She Said. † Tannen explains that â€Å".men’s talk tends to focus on hierarchy â€⠀œ competition for relative power – whereas women’s tends to focus on connection – relative closeness or distance.† (p2) Tannen enforced her statement by filming preschoolers and proving the same conclusion. From this, we learn that these characteristics within us humans are not learned. Instead, they are with us from our childhood and throughout life. Sometimes these opposite perspectives create conflict within a relationship. For example, if a couple is lost and in need of directions; the male would prefer to figure it out on his own and the women would wish to get to the destination as soon as possible. The man will feel overpowered by a stranger who knows where to go, while the woman would feel it’s reasonable to ask someone, in order to save time. In addition, women expect too much from their relationship. Sometimes they rely on their husbands for happiness. However, in the magazine article, â€Å"How to Stay Married† Anne Kingston expla ins, â€Å"wives who don’t rely on their husbands for happiness end up having the happiest marriages. † (p2) When women don’t feel the passion from their husbands they begin to feel lonely, and this leads to the unfortunate, adultery. Kingston reveals, â€Å"it’s precisely the disconnect between the expectation that husband and wife be everything to one another and the reality of marriage that causes women to eep secrets.† (p3) For example, if women were to talk about a problem she is having, she is looking for comfort, but the man may interpret that she is looking for a solution. Tannen explains, â€Å".a man may well misread her conversational gambit as a request for help solving the problem. The result is mutual frustration: she blames him for telling her what to do and failing to provide the expected comfort, whereas he thinks he did exactly what she requested and cannot fathom why she would keep talking about a problem if she does not want to do anything about it. (p3) The communication difference between the opposite genders is inevitable. As Kingston writes, â€Å"you should marry someone who is flexible, confident and trusts you: if you can’t count on your husband or wife in a crazy unstable world then you’re marrying the wrong person. †(p5) IX. Works Cited Kingston, Anne. â€Å"How To Stay Married. † Maclean’s 10 October 2011: 6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 31 October 2011. Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"He Said, She Said. † Scientific American Mind May/June 2010: 8. Academic Search Complete. Web. 31 October 2011. We will write a custom essay sample on How Do Men and Woman Communicate Differently in Relationships? Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Do Men and Woman Communicate Differently in Relationships? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Do Men and Woman Communicate Differently in Relationships? 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erw essays

erw essays The article is about the foreign affairs of Bush and Gore. It expalins how Gore could ask the republicians about how Bush shouldn't be the worlds cop or 911. Says that Gore could ask Bush if the republicians are so serious about foreign affairs then why do they let both the senate and the house affair committees be run by lawmakers. It also asks Gore what Clinton successes of foreign affairs were. It talks about what would each candidate do if a dangerous situation came up what U.S. costly intervention they would have. Says if one plane is shot down in Iraq then what would they president do with Saddam Hussein. Tells how U.S. should spend more money investing in foreign aid so that U.S. doesn't have to be the cheapskate around here. The article says that if Saddam takes a few more barrels off of the market we will soon have to pay 3 dolars a gallon for gas. I think that this article is a bunch of @#$#. I think this because both Bush and Gore look into foreign affairs enough so that its not to excess. This article wants U.S. to be totally on to all of foreign affairs. Our country doesn't have to deal with other peoples problems right now. We do enough for foreign countrys. Yes we do need to make some agreements but not to excess as i have said before. Anexample of what agreements we should make is the situation about the gas. We are buying it for to much money at the moment from Saddam. I don't think we need to put more money into finacial aid. We put plenty of money in there already. If we did put more money in finacil aid that would mean we would have to pay more taxes. It says we are Saddam hostages. I don't see it that way I see it that in a way we are help by Saddam and his gas, but i think that soon he will start to chang it to the way it was. I think Saddam is testing on what we will do when a tiny crisis like this, caused by S ...

A History of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Others Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Others - Assignment Example The retail establishment will offer a variety of coffee products using high quality coffee beans. The products will be differentiated to meet different customer needs. The bakery will provide fresh pastry and bakery products. The company will prepare six batches of pastry and bakery products to ensure fresh products are available at all times of business hours. The retail coffee industry in Canada is growing rapidly. The climatic conditions of Ontario encourage the consumption of hot beverages. Westside Bakery and Java will concentrate its marketing and business on locals, who will be the dominant market. This strategic move will benefit the company by establishing a consistent and healthy revenue base, which will ensure the business is stable. Strategic location of the company, high quality products, and excellent service delivery will be crucial in achieving the company’s targets. Westside Bakery and Java expects to borrow $50,000 and raise $150,000 own capital. The company expects annual sales worth $400,000 in the first year, $600,000 in the second year, and $700,000 in the third year. Westside Bakery and Java will break even by the sixth month of operation. The company anticipates profits of $10,000 in the first year, $30,000 by the second year, and $50,000 by the third year. Westside Bakery and Java does not anticipate any cash flow

The Future of Airline Operators amidst the Oil Crisis Essay

The Future of Airline Operators amidst the Oil Crisis - Essay Example Theories abound the origin of oil, and like other forms of fossil fuel, is believed to have come from ancient animal and plant remains that was buried under soil and mud through a very long period of time and settled down into the Earth's crusts. The buried ancient animal and plant matter piled upon the Earth's crust and eventually compressed and heated by the Earth's immense internal pressure and temperature. The oil then seeped through the rock layers forming reservoirs, most of which are found in desserts, ocean bottoms, ice layers and many other external terrain formations (Wikipedia, 2006a). These oil reservoirs are being harvested right now by countries that were fortunate enough to have an oil reserve in their midsts, particularly in the Middle East where the most abundant oil reserves are found. These countries now form the organisation known as OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) which controls most of the world's oil supply and prices. While it seems like the suppl y of oil is unlimited it is not, the supply of oil is beginning to dwindle. ... d was way cheaper back in the period of the World Wars it was at these period that oil was still abundant and conflicts on the price and supply of oil were non-existent. The OPEC was not founded yet and inflation was not too much prevalent back then. Brandly (2004) the current oil crisis is predicted by Hubbert's Peak (or Hubbert's model or theory as some authors put it) which states and assumes that oil is non-renewable and that even though organic matter is currently added to the Earth's crust and that the rate of decomposition and conversion of this organic matter into crude oil will not catch up with the world's demand for oil. The 'peak' in Hubbert's Peak refers to the highest point of oil production at a certain area which will be soon followed by a sudden drop leading to a crisis. According to those who believe in Hubbert's theory, the world is now at its peak and is nearing another major oil crisis not because of political conflict but mainly due to a real short in oil supply . In a National Geographic article written by Appenzeller (2004), oil companies are now putting more human and financial resources in finding new oil sources. It only means that the actual crisis is happening not after the 1st drop of oil has been extracted but rather in the present when oil production is at its peak. The world is predicted to run out of oil in about 5 to 30 years from now. The oil shortage will not only affect transport and power generation, but also other factors as Amos (2004) reported, stating that oil process will affect birth rates, food prices and other commodities. This is especially true with Third World countries where the price of oil on the world market affects the basic commodities. Amos (200) points out that the economic depression will force people

Different Types of UK Airport

Different Types of UK Airport LO 3:   Understand the different types of UK airport, their ownership and characteristics Title: UK airports Map of major airports in the UK For P5:  Ã‚   Describe different types of UK airports and their ownership. Regional These have short haul scheduled international services, and long haul, charter and domestics services is available as well. Eg Liverpool john Lennon (LPL) Operate/ owner: the peel group, group Major International airports Provide a verity if international services. both long and short haul also have chart and domestic services. Eg. Manchester (MAN) Operator/owner : Manchester airport group (MAG) private Local Some domestic services, sometimes short-haul services as well as charter and general aviation services Eg, Blackpool Owner: Balfour Beatty, public Operator: squires gate airport operation Ltd. 3. For P6:  Ã‚   Compare the operating characteristics of different types of airports. Regional airports Liverpool john Lennon (LPL) route network long and short haul, point to point, domestic service number and type of airlines 8 airlines which offers low cost scheduled service, charter number of passengers 4 million passengers in 2014 cargo tones 40,000 tones in 2015 (Airportwatch.org.uk, 2016) passenger facilities and services, e.g. car parks, shops, restaurants, executive lounges, hotels have a variety of parking service only available through pre-booking restaurants, shops, and lounges are also at the airport to suite everyone needs, terminal passenger 4,458,500 operational facilities and services runway 7,497 ft of asphalt run way with two handlers (Liverpool John Lennon Airport, 2016). Major International airports Manchester (MAN) route network long haul, short haul number and type of airlines approximately 70 airlines, low cost scheduled, full service, charter, cargo number of passengers approximately 23 million passengers cargo tons 250,000 tones by 2015 passenger facilities and services offers adequate parkin foe either short stay or long stay, shops restaurant hotels, lounges are available to meet every passengers need operational facilities and services two runways and three terminals, three handling agents (En.wikipedia.org, 2016) Local airport Blackpool airport route network short haul, domestic number and type of airlines one airline for passengers and a helicopter service to oil platforms low cost airline, domestic, chartered service number of passengers 33,494 passenger facilities and services one new lounges no hotels car rental is available from the air port operational facilities and services two terminals and must give a 24-hour notice for handling scale and location of general aviation operations two training schools located between the British Army camps and Squires Gate and at Weeton and Kirkham. Offers helicopter operations and also the center of private clubs (Anon, 2016) For M2:  Ã‚   Discuss why an airline might base its operation from a particular airport. EasyJet bases its operation from Manchester airport (MAN) because this airport offers   a vast range of services and have connection to major cities and holiday destination. Also the airport facilities example the three terminals is another factor of why EasyJet uses this airport (En.wikipedia.org,2016).Due to the fact that Manchester airport is very popular   and it have won different award siding with this airport is good for business because when the airport grows EasyJet will somewhat benefits from this. (Manchesterairport.co.uk ,2016) References Airportwatch.org.uk. (2016). AirportWatch | Liverpool Airport. [online] Available at: http://www.airportwatch.org.uk/uk-airports/liverpool-airport/ [Accessed 21 Dec. 2016]. Anon, (2016). Home. [online] Available at: http://blackpoolairport.com/ [Accessed 21 Dec. 2016]. En.wikipedia.org. (2016). Domestic airport. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_airport#Regional_airport [Accessed 20 Dec. 2016]. En.wikipedia.org. (2016). Manchester Airport. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Airport [Accessed 21 Dec. 2016]. Liverpool John Lennon Airport. (2016). Cite a Website Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.liverpoolairport.com/ [Accessed 21 Dec. 2016]. Manchesterairport.co.uk. (2016). About Us | Manchester Airport. [online] Available at: http://www.manchesterairport.co.uk/about-us/ [Accessed 21 Dec. 2016].

Spanish And French Monarchial Beliefs - The Escorial And Versailles :: essays research papers

The palace of Versailles was built by Louis XIV of France (1643-1715), and the Escorial was built by Philip II of Spain (1556-1598). By examining the aerial and frontal facades of these two palaces, it may be seen that there were many similarities and differences between the two kings’ perception and practice of monarchy. Each king set his own goals for his life, and concluded as to how a monarch ought to behave. Both Louis XIV and Philip II had religious duties to pay attention to, organized the distribution of power in their respective kingdoms, communicated with other countries and entities through war and diplomacy, raised militaries, and made plans for the expansion of their own beliefs, thoughts and practices. Aside from these aspects of the two kings’ beliefs and practices of monarchy, the architecture of their palaces reflected their ideals, or personal beliefs, and the interpretation made by the painters of the palaces reflects the attitudes of the two kings t oward life. The role of the king to the public during the reigns of Louis XIV of France and Philip II of Spain were not predetermined, so each king created for himself what he thought monarchy ought to be. Louis XIV and Philip II were both absolutists, and believed that they should be the supreme rulers of France and Spain, respectively. However, Louis XIV did not want to be a national symbol serving no legitimate purpose. He wished to control the military, economy, foreign affairs, and the administration of the kingdom and of justice. He believed that the king of France should be the best that France has to offer- being served by even the most powerful lords of France. Conversely, Philip II thought of himself as Catholic first, and king of Spain second. Opposite to Louis XIV, Philip II preferred to sit in the Escorial and pray, pour over records, and live more as a monk than as Louis XIV’s conception of a king. Philip II never wanted to take much of an active part in the administration o f his kingdom, except for the times when he wanted to use some of his various powers. However, after he had used it for a while (waging war, raising taxes, etceteras) he would let it lay dormant and return to his documents. Nor did Philip II ever wish to control most of the Spanish economy. The parts that he did control were ones that directly affected himself or his revenues, so vital in order to keep his army of immense proportions.

Impact of Colonization on Native Americans Essay

Aztecs in Mexico ? Pueblos of Southwest ? Mound Builders in Mississippi Valley ? 300 separate languages by 1492 REASONS WHY EARLY HARMONIOUS LIVING ENDEND ? No immunologic protection against European diseases – up to 90% of native population died in the first century of contact ? Native people had different spiritual beliefs and ideas about land ownership than Europeans. Many resisted Christianity, and the idea of buying and selling land was unthinkable to them. ? With the exception of the Five Nation Iroquois, most Indian tribes lacked unity, and were often rivals with each other. They were very vulnerable to the Europeans with their superior weapon technology EUROPEAN TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS: Spanish Policy: ? Approach was to conquer, rule and intermarry ? Established missions to convert Indians to Christianity ? Took over their economy ? A rigid class system developed that was dominated by pure-blooded Spaniards English Policy: ? Initial sharing of ideas about agriculture, traded in furs, and coexisted ? Eventually gives way to conflict and open warfare ? English had no respect for Native American cultures; viewed as primitive or savage ? Native Americans saw their way of life threatened with increasing English population ? Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake †¢ At first, Powhatan possibly considered the new colonists potential allies and tried to be friendly with them, but as time passed and colonists raided Indian food supplies, relations deteriorated and eventually, war occurred. †¢ The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe. †¢ Eight years later, in 1622, the Indians struck again with a series of attacks that left 347 settlers, including John Rolfe, dead. †¢ The Second Anglo-Powhatan War began in 1644, ended in 1646, and effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands. †¢ After the settlers began to grow their own food, the Indians were useless, and were therefore banished. ? The Iroquois †¢ In what is now New York State, the Iroquois once were a great power. †¢ They were made up of the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Deganawidah, and the Hiawatha. †¢ They vied with neighboring Indians and later French, English, and Dutch for supremacy. †¢ The longhouse was the building block of Iroquois society. †¢ The Mohawks were middlemen with European traders. †¢ The Senecas were fur suppliers. †¢ The Five Nations of the Iroquois’ rivals, the neighboring Hurons, Eries, and Petuns, were vanquished. †¢ Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, the Iroquois allied with the British and French (whichever more beneficial). †¢ When the American Revolution broke out, the decision to side with who was split. Most sided with the British, but not all. †¢ Afterwards, the Iroquois were forced to reservations, which proved to be unbearable to these proud people. ? Puritans vs. Indians †¢ Before the Puritans had arrived in 1620, an epidemic had swept through the Indians, killing over three quarters of them. †¢ At first, Indians tried to befriend the Whites – Squanto, a Wampanoag, helped keep relative peace. †¢ In 1637, though, after mounting tensions exploded, English settlers and the powerful Pequot tribe fought in the Pequot War, in which the English set fire to a Pequot village on Connecticut’s Mystic River, annihilating the Indians and bringing about forty years of tentative peace. †¢ In an attempt to save face, the Puritans did try to convert some of the Indians, though with less zeal than that of the Spanish and French. †¢ In 1675, Metacom (called King Philip by the English) united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed. †¢ The King Philip’s War slowed colonial western march, but Metacom was beheaded and quartered and his head was stuck on a sharp pike for all to see, his wife and son sold to slavery. ? Roger Williams in Rhode Island and Quakers in Pennsylvania most tolerant of Native Americans French Policy: ? Maintained relatively good relations with Native American tribes ? French soldiers assisted Huron in fighting Iroquois ? Built forts along Great Lakes – exchanged French goods for Indian furs ? Few colonists, farms & towns posed very little threat.

Julius Caesar essays

Julius Caesar essays Julius Caesar was a strong leader for the Romans who changed the course of the history of the Greco - Roman world decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength he created a strong empire. What happened during his early political career? How did he become such a strong dictator of the Roman Empire? What events led up to the making of the first triumvirate? How did he rise over the other two in the triumvirate and why did he choose to take over? What happened during his reign as dictator of Rome? What events led up to the assassination of Caesar? What happened after he was killed? Caesar was a major part of the Roman Empire because of his strength and his strong war strategies. Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship was pivotal in Romes transition from republic to empire. When he was young Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history of the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Ro man armies, first in 87 BC by the leaders of the populares, his uncle Marius and Cinna. Cinna was killed the year that Caesar had married Cinnas daughter Cornelia. The second attack upon the city was carried our by Marius enemy Sulla, leader of the optimates, in 82 BC on the latters return from the East. On each occasion the massacre of political opponents was followed by the confiscation of their property. The proscriptions of Sulla, which preceded the reactionary political legislation enacted during his dictatorship left a particularly bitter memory that long survived. Caesar left Rome for the province of Asia on the condition that he divorce his wife because Sulla would only allow him to leave on that condition. When he heard the news that Sulla had been killed he returned to Rome. He studied rhetoric under the distinguished teacher Molon. In the winter of 75-74 BC Caesar was captured by pirated an...

The Discovery of Otzi the Iceman and Its Significance

The Discovery of Otzi the Iceman and Its Significance On September 19, 1991, two German tourists were hiking in the Otzal Alps near the Italian-Austrian border when they discovered Europes oldest known mummy sticking out of the ice. Otzi, as the iceman is now known, had been naturally mummified by the ice and kept in amazing condition for approximately 5,300 years. Research on Otzis preserved body and the various artifacts found with it continues to reveal much about the life of Copper Age Europeans. The Discovery Around 1:30 p.m. on September 19, 1991, Erika and Helmut Simon from Nuremberg, Germany were descending from the Finail peak in the Tisenjoch area of the Otzal Alps when they decided to take a shortcut off the beaten path. When they did so, they noticed something brown sticking out of the ice. Upon further inspection, the Simons discovered that it was a human corpse. Although they could see the back of the head, arms, and back, the bottom of the torso was still embedded in the ice. The Simons took a picture and then reported their discovery at the Similaun Refuge. At the time, however, the Simons and the authorities all thought the body belonged to a modern man who had recently suffered a deadly accident. Removing Otzis Body Removing a frozen body thats stuck in the ice at 10,530 feet (3,210 meters) above sea level is never easy. Adding bad weather and a lack of proper excavation equipment made the job even more difficult. After four days of trying, Otzis body was finally removed from the ice on September 23, 1991. Sealed up in a body bag, Otzi was flown via helicopter to the town of Vent, where his body was transferred to a wooden coffin and taken to the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Innsbruck. At Innsbruck, archaeologist Konrad Spindler determined that the body found in the ice was definitely not a modern man; instead, he was at least 4,000 years old. It was then that they realized that Otzi the Iceman was one of the most amazing archaeological finds of the century. Once it was realized that Otzi was an extremely important discovery, two teams of archaeologists went back to the discovery site to see if they could find more artifacts. The first team stayed only three days, October 3-5, 1991, because the winter weather was too harsh to work in. The second archaeology team waited until the following summer, surveying from July 20 to August 25 1992. This team found numerous artifacts, including string, muscle fibers, a piece of a longbow, and a bearskin hat. Who Was Otzi the Iceman? Otzi was a man who lived sometime between 3350 and 3100 BCE in what is called the Chalcolithic or Copper Age. He stood approximately five feet and three inches high and at the end of his life suffered from arthritis, gallstones, and whipworm. He died at about the age of 46. At first, it was believed that Otzi had died from exposure, but in 2001 an X-ray revealed that there was a stone arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder. A CT scan in 2005 discovered that the arrowhead had severed one of the Otzis arteries, most likely causing his death. A large wound on Otzis hand was another indicator that Otzi had been in close combat with someone shortly before his death. Scientists have recently discovered that Otzis last meal consisted of a few slices of fatty, cured goat meat, similar to modern-day bacon. But many questions remain regarding Otzi the Iceman. Why did Otzi have over 50 tattoos on his body? Were the tattoos part of an ancient form of acupuncture? Who killed him? Why was the blood of four people found on his clothes and weapons? Perhaps more research will help answer these and other questions about Otzi the Iceman.   Otzi on Display After seven years of study at Innsbruck University, Otzi the Iceman was transported to South Tyrol, Italy, where he was to be both further studied and put on display. At the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Otzi was encased within a specially made chamber, which is kept dark and refrigerated to help preserve Otzis body. Visitors to the museum can glimpse Otzi through a small window. To remember the place where Otzi had remained for 5,300 years, a stone marker was placed at the discovery site.

Babe Ruth as cultural symbol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Babe Ruth as cultural symbol - Essay Example In this sense, Babe has remained synonymous to baseball and stories about baseball will never be complete without mentioning his name. It is therefore undisputed that Babe becomes a cultural symbol with regard to baseball game. As a cultural symbol, it is important to develop a concept so that it can be understood why Babe is termed such. It is important to look at some of the journals that have tried to account for Babe’s life chronologically, his achievements in the baseball and the kind of attributes that made him to be a renowned baseball player. Babe Ruth formerly known as George Herman Ruth, Jr lived in the period of 1895 and 1948 (Addona 16), during his life; he acquired the nicknames Bambino and later got another one ‘sultan of Swat’. The baseball player from America was involved in almost 22-seasons in the all-prestigious Major League Baseball in the US where he was privileged to be part of three teams between 1914 and 1935 (Addona 18). With his brillianc e in the game, Babe was able to set records in the game that took subsequent players years to break. Known for his talent in the play, babe was able to perform beyond the expectation of many, in this regard, it is important to enumerate some of the performances Babe was able to realize during his time. In the home runs he was able to record 714, which has since been surpassed, in the runs batted in, he was able to record 2,213, which equally has since been broken. He also made sterling performances in the slugging percentage and on- base plus slugging with 690 and 1,164 respectively (Caser 22). These contributions by Babe in the game directly contributed to his fame in during the time when liking of baseball was fast fading. Babe was instrumental in reviving support that was fast dwindling for the game and streamlined the support to life once again. It can also not go unnoticed that Babe’s first team was Boston Red Sox, here he played the position of a starting pitcher but fo llowing his release to New York Yankees he changed his position to play right fielder full time (Tootle 18). He maintained good play in this position that saw him emerge as one of the prolific and dependable players in the team where he stood out as one of the talented and committed payers to bring change in the team as well as in the game. It is arguable that because of his participation in the team, they were able to clinch seven titles in pennants as well as four titles in the World Series. Babe also had an experience with the Boston Braves shortly before retiring and becoming one of the first players considered in an election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame (Caser 25). From the records set by Babe, it is clear the he made immense contribution into the game. Through the records set by him in the initial times, it was possible for the later generations to strive and reach his standards; this can be seen as a form of inspiration to others. Some of them will be cited in this p aper for the purposes of corroborating the statements, babe was the first of all players to in a season hit a target of 60 in home runs and that was in 1927. This mark stood to be the record for as long as up to 1961 when another player Roger Maris eclipsed it with 61 in a season-one point ahead of what babe recorded (Levin 27). That is 34 long years before the record was broken. In his lifetime in the game, he also recorded about 174 home runs; this record also

Healthcare Systems Around the Globe Research Paper

Healthcare Systems Around the Globe - Research Paper Example The French have were found to have the most efficient healthcare system in a report released by the World Health Organization in the year 2000. The report was notorious within the United States as the country was found to have the highest expenditure, however, was ranked 15th in its overall efficiency (Folland, 2006). This paper will make a comparison between the French and American healthcare systems. Health Statistics and Costs: Comparison between U.S. and France Firstly, the analytical data obtained from the two countries illustrates the difference in their efficiency. According to the report released by WHO in 2011, France has a population of approximately 65 million and a life expectancy of 81,8 years (World Health Organization, par 1). Females in France have a slightly higher life expectancy of 85 years whilst the males have an expectancy of 78,5 years. This places the country 10th in the world. The United States has a slightly lower life expectancy with females at 80,67years a nd males at 74,89 years (World Health Organization, par 1). The United States is ranked number 33 in the world life expectancy rankings. The United States has a mortality rate of 8,25 per 1000 population whilst France has a rate of 4,10 (World Health Organization, par 1).The leading causes of death in France include lung cancer, coronary heart disease, breast cancer, stroke and Alzheimer’s. ... Health Care Financing: Comparison between U.S. and France Healthcare in the United States is financed through both private and public sectors, whilst the funding in the French healthcare system is largely controlled by the government (Shi and Douglas, 2009). The French government funds approximately 70% of an individual’s healthcare costs and in cases of long term care all the patient’s costs are covered. Citizens may also obtain supplemental coverage from private insurers who are frequently nonprofit organizations. The French government spends approximately 11,2% of the country’s GDP on healthcare. The United States spends 15% of its GDP on healthcare and when considering cost per capita, this equates to almost double the amount spent by France (Shi and Douglas, 2009). In addition, citizens in the United States spend more money on pharmaceuticals and hospital care than the French. Healthcare Administration: Comparison between U.S. and France Healthcare in Americ a is overseen by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The provision of health insurance by the American government is carried out through Medicaid and Medicare which were established in 1966. As mentioned above, the French healthcare system is largely controlled by the government through the French National Health Service. This service refunds patients their healthcare costs and the citizens are expected to contribute depending on their income. Health Care Personnel and Facilities: Comparison between U.S. and France The United States has one of the lowest physician per capita ratio with approximately 731Â  000 physicians, equating to approximately 2,5 physicians per 1000. There are approximately 26,669,603 nurses which equates to

My Stereotype Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Stereotype Behavior - Essay Example Stereotypes are not only the source of long term suffering for others but they are also the victims themselves. Their past experiences enable them to acquire this typical behavior of discrimination and presumptions about other genders, races, and individuals. Stereotyping reduces the concentration span of the victim and he feels anxiety with distorting feelings. This is also referred to as cognitive threat, which reduces the intelligence level of a person due to the biased attitude of others ( Leary, 2005,p.283). I have been a subject of stereotype behavior several times. These incidences are very common but they leave an everlasting mark in one’s life. In high school, I had friends with different nationalities. One of them was an Asian whom I was quite close and liked to spend more time with. Once he invited me for a group study at his house which I accepted without bothering to think twice, how his family would respond to a person with a different racial identity. I went the re and met my friend’s mother at the door; she smiled and welcomed me in. We studied for a while and lost track of time, it was time for dinner and he was uneasy and wanted to wind up. I stood and wanted to leave but his mother asked me to join them for dinner. I did as I was asked; just wanted to be polite; as not to decline their hospitality. As soon as I joined them I felt I made everybody uneasy including my friend, his father said grace and didn’t talk at all. I ate quietly and didn’t know how to flee away. They all talked in their native language and I was unaware of their conversation. I felt really awkward when finally his younger brother told me that they don’t like people from other races, as they are usually illicit and have no place in a respected family. I excused myself and quickly departed from there, as I could no longer maintain my composure and felt entirely bitter about how they made me feel vulnerable and worthless. The feeling still l ingers on, when I am invited to a dinner at someone’s house as I cannot seem to forget the incident which made me feel insignificant and flawed. People judge without even knowing individuals, keeping in the garden their ethnicity. These types of presumptions not only make others negative about the different communities but it extends the trend of stereotyping to a great extent. Skin color, gender, religious beliefs, ethnicity, skills, and distinct qualities are reasons which incline people towards stereotyping. However, in my scenario, the presumption made it easier for them to judge me without even knowing me for all. It only shows the limited understanding of human psychology one has or is developed in him. This also shows the well knitted believes in a specific community about others.

Phases of the moon Essay Example for Free

Phases of the moon Essay During night time, the moon is the clearest celestial object that could be seen any place on earth. The moon is considered as the closest celestial thing on earth and is the only natural satellite to the earth (Freudenrich, 2008). As people noticed, the moon presents changing shapes in the night sky. There are instances when one could see a full disk shape, other times it peaks a faction of its face and sometimes it vanishes for a few days. These changes in the bright side of the moon are identified as the moon’s phases. Such occurrence in the moon is not random at all rather the changes happen in a monthly basis and occurs in a predictable manner (Freudenrich, 2008). The moons phases are not the result of the earth’s shadow as many believe. The shadow of the earth may cause eclipses but the occurrence of the moons phases is a different case. Phases of the moon are dependent on its position in the alignment together with the earth and sun thus the illuminated part in the moon’s face is caused by the reflection of the light from the sun (Barrow, 2008, 1). During the 29 day travel of the moon around its orbit, its position undergoes daily changes. There are times when the moon is positioned between the earth and the sun, other times it is behind the earth this is why people see the bright parts of the moon’s surface in different angles (Freudenrich, 2008). The eight phases of the moon undergoes a cycle which is proceeded by the new moon. New moon also known as the dark moon could be seen whenever the sun and the moon are similarly positioned on the same side of the earth. The new moon is essentially not visible because it is situated in between the sun and the earth therefore the part which is illuminated faces directly to the sun while the other part which is lost in the sun’s glare is facing the earth (Barrow, 2008, 1). The second phase of the moon is identified as the waxing crescent. This appears during the second or third day. During this phase only a little part of the moon is showing up. It is characterized with a thin lunar sliver which is apparent minutes after the sunset. Such phase is termed as waxing because every night a part of the moon becomes more visible in a longer time (The phases of our moon: What can you see tonight, 2008). By the time the waxing crescent moon grows in a half full, it has then reached the third phase which is known as the first quarter. During this phase, half of the moon is already visible. However, its visibility last during the first half of the evening and eventually goes down. It is also important to note that the first quarter moon reflect the sun’s light on the right hand side (The phases of our moon: What can you see tonight, 2008). Waxing Gibbous moon is a phase when most part of the moon is already visible. At this point, the moon is clearly visible to any of its observers and only a little sliver is not illuminated. The gibbous moon could be seen clearly even before the sunset and stays in the night sky until three in the morning (Barrow, 2008, 1). The entire face of the moon is apparent during the fifth phase which is the full moon. This phase takes place whenever the earth is positioned between the moon and the earth. Full moon is the only phase where the moon is shining all throughout the night. A full moon will rise during the beginning of the night and will eventually set as morning steps in (Barrow, 2008, 1). Just like the waxing gibbous, the waning gibbous which is the sixth phase of the moon, shows all but a little part of the moon. However, in contrast with the waxing gibbous where observers are seeing much of the celestial body’s illuminated part, the waning gibbous is an indication of seeing less of the moon in the upcoming nights. This is why it was coined as â€Å"waning† gibbous (The phases of our moon: What can you see tonight, 2008). Second to the last of the moon’s phase is the last quarter. Much like the first quarter, people see a half full of the moon’s illuminated face however; the reflected light is set on the left hand corner of the moon contrary to the first quarter phase which is reflected in the right hand side (Barrow, 2008, 1). Finally the waning crescent marks the final cycle of the moon’s phase. During this period people would observer that only little of the moons face is visible. By the following nights only a smaller part of the moon can be seen in a lesser period. From there a new cycle will then proceed (The phases of our moon: What can you see tonight, 2008). Evidently the moon’s phases are dependent upon the moon’s lining position in accordance to the sun and earth. It is also noteworthy that the sequence of the phases starts with the moon’s light illumination from right to left until it extends to the full moon phase. Right after the said phase the illuminated area of the moon would retreat from right to left until it reaches the new moon phase which would mark another cycle. The phases of the moon are not complicated as it may appear. By learning how, when and why it occurs enables an individual to know that such event is not random but a predictable event.

Starbucks International Expansion Company

Starbucks International Expansion Company Starbucks Corporation is a Seattle, Washington-based coffee company. It was the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 17,009 stores in 50 countries. Starbucks sells drip brewed coffee, espresso-based hot drinks, snacks, and items such as mugs and coffee beans. Starbucks is the world leader in the premium coffee market and has an amazing success story. Starbucks sells not only coffee; it sells the Starbucks experience. The company is successful to convey its vision to the customers. It has successfully convinced customers paying more for high-quality products and a new life style. Starbucks reached its goal to establish and leverage its powerhouse premium brand through rapid expansion of retail operations, introduction of new products and store concepts, as well as development of new distribution channels. Starbucks has revolutionized the coffee business. History The first Starbucks was opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971 by three partners: English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegl, and writer Gordon Bowker. The three were inspired by entrepreneur Alfred Peet (whom they knew personally) to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment. Entrepreneur Howard Schultz joined the company in 1982 as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing, and after a trip to Milan, Italy, advised that the company should sell coffee and espresso drinks as well as beans. Starbucks began providing coffee to restaurants and espresso bars. In 1987, with the backing of local investors, Giornale acquired Starbucks assets and changed its name to Starbucks Corporation. The company also opened stores in Chicago and Vancouver. A year later Starbucks introduced a mail order catalog with service to all 50 US states. Expansion strategy In year 1992, Starbucks developed an expansion strategy based on targeting areas with favorable demographic profiles together with the companys infrastructure to support and service them. For each region, a large city was selected to serve as a hub where a team would support the goal of opening at least 20 stores in the first two years. One of the key success factors in this operation was to recruit professionals with marketing and operating experience in chain-store retailing as area manager. This strategy built upon the growing reputation of the Starbucks brand, which, in some instances, had reached new markets even before stores opened. The main marketing strategy is to represent Starbucks store as a third place between work and home. The company could increase the market share in existing markets and open stores in new markets rapidly. Additionally, Starbucks always tries to expand its products portfolio. The company cooperates with other companies to develop and distribute new products. In 1991, the company had formed a team to manage store development based on a six-month opening plan. Every store has to be varied in size and shape, but must be able to deliver appropriate vision and value, contributing to strengthen the companys reputation and image throughout the regions being expanded into. Cost reduction was achieved by centralized buying, by standard contracts development and fixed fees for certain items, and by consolidated work under contractors with good cost-control practices. Starbucks product supply was also a key in a successful expansion. As another differentiating factor, the company buys coffee on arrangement basis at a significant premium above normal price; this allowed for Starbucks to build trust with producers and obtain top-notch coffee beans from producing countries. In order to secure an adequate supply, the company entered into fixed-price purchase commitments when available, and preorder coffee to ensure price protection. By this approach, Starbucks able to control costs and avoid price rising in the stores that would have a devastating effect on the companys image. Starbucks expansion strategy also relied on a limited number of licensing agreements for areas where it did not have the ability to open its own outlets. Licensees like Marriot Host International and Aramark allowed Starbucks opening stores respectively in airports and university campuses. Others like Horizon Airlines and United Airlines had Starbucks coffees served on commercial flights, while agreements with Nordstroms, Barnes and Noble and Well Fargo opened even more opportunities. In 1997, the specialty sales division of Starbucks generated sales equal to 12.2% of total revenues. International Expansion The companys international expansion started in 1995, and was based on two strategies: to provide licenses or to create a joint venture with branded local company in the target host country. Starbucks Coffee International (SCI) was created in 1995 to coordinate the international expansion, which started in Japan, Hawaii, Singapore, Philippines, Taiwan and Korea. Starbucks expansion strategy was well thought: the offensive was to take place in the Pacific Rim in order to gain momentum and strength, far away from Europe and Latin America where coffee shops competition is very strong. In April 2003, Starbucks completed the purchase of Seattles Best Coffee and Torrefazione Italia from AFC Enterprises, make the Starbucks store around the world became more than 6,400. On September 14, 2006, Starbucks rival Diedrich Coffee has announced that it would sell most of its company-owned retail stores to Starbucks. In 2008, Starbucks continued its expansion, settling in Argentina, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Portugal. In Buenos Aires, the biggest Starbucks store in Latin America was opened. In April 2009, Starbucks entered Poland. New stores will be opened in Algeria. Building a Unique Culture While Starbucks execute almost enthusiastic standards about coffee quality and service, the personnel policy at Starbucks for employee is free and supportive. Employees are encouraged to put themselves in the position business partners. Management do believes that cheerful employees are the key to remain competitiveness and develop. Multiple Channels of Distribution Besides its stand-alone stores, Starbucks has set up cafes and carts in banks, hospitals, buildings shopping centers, supermarkets and office buildings. Further distribution contract have included hotels, airlines and office coffee supplier. Office coffee is a large segment of the coffee market. Associated Services (an office coffee supplier) provides Starbucks coffee exclusively to thousands of businesses round the United States. Conclusion Despite the fact that Starbucks is the largest and well known coffeehouse chains and its existence is very obvious in civic areas, the firms research stated that only a small percentage (around 7%) of the US population has tried Starbucks product. Through additional distribution contract and new product joint venture, Starbucks hopes to seize more of the US market.

Summary of Holes by Louis Sachar Essay -- essays research papers

HOLES LOUIS SACHAR Stanley Yelnats is under a curse, one that began with his no-good-dirty-rotten-pig-stealing-great-great-grandfather and has followed generations of Yelnats. Stanley has been falsely convicted of stealing Clyde ?Sweet Feet? Livingston?s, a famous baseball player, sneakers from a homeless shelter. Now he must attend a boy?s detention center, Camp Green Lake, where bad boys dig holes all day, every day, digging holes five feet wide and five feet deep, to become good boys. There is no lake at Camp Green Lake, But there are an awful a lot of holes. When Stanley first gets to the camp he meets Mr. Sir a man that dresses like a cowboy and has just quit smoking. Mr. Sir tells Stanley that if he wants to run he can run, but that Camp Green Lake is the only place with water for a hundred miles. Then Stanley goes to his tent, tent D, and meets his guidance counselor Mr. Pendanski who everyone else calls ?Mom?. He is introduced to his fellow inmates who are Squid, X-ray, Magnet, Armpit, Zigzag, and Zero. Stanley quickly learns that there nicknames are there only names to call them when he calls Armpit ?Theodore? and gets thrown to the ground. The kids ask Stanley why they sent him to the camp and he tells them it was his no-good-dirty-rotten-pig-stealing-great-great-grandfather. He was unjustly convicted of stealing Clyde Livingston?s cleats from a shelter. Stanley was walking when they just fell from the sky and hit him on the head, he took them and started to run home when the police pulled him over and thought he had stole them. Stanley pleaded his case to the court but they didn?t believe and it was Camp Green Lake or jail, as any sane kid would, he picked the camp. Camp Green Lake reminded Stanley of th... ...s the song ?If only, if only? and since zero is the descendant of Madame Zeroni he breaks the curse that was on his bloodline. They continue traveling when they decide to start digging for treasure. They start digging because Stanley found lipstick that belonged to Kate Barlow and they went back to the area where they found it. Stanley and Hector find the treasure but are surrounded by yellow spotted lizards so they have no choice but to stay in the hole with out moving. A lawyer comes to Camp Green Lake looking for Stanley and the warden and the counselors star looking for them. The next day the warden finds them in the hole and tries to take the treasure but it has Stanley?s name on it. The lawyer goes to take Stanley home and he says he will only go if they can take Zero. Since the warden erased Hector?s files the camp gets shutdown and everyone goes back home.

Fashion of Roaring Twenties and the Sixties

Fashion of the Roaring Twenties and The Sixties Fashion is the style prevalent at a given time. It usually refers to costume or clothing style. Everybody has to wear clothes, making fashion a part of everyday life. The way someone dresses says a lot about his or her personality, age, culture and experience. At times of economic or social change, fashion often changed. The 1920s and the 1960s are big eras were economic and social change were happening. They are both largely known for their fashion.The 1920s was also known as the Roaring Twenties due to the period’s social, artistic, and cultural energy. The twenties were right after the end of World War One and right before the Great Depression. The era was notable for inventions and discoveries, industrial growth, increased consumer demand and significant changes in lifestyle (â€Å"roaring twenties†). During the twenties, the economy of the United States evolved from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy. The Eighte enth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol in attempt to help the social problems.Passing the nineteenth amendment gave women the political equality they had been fighting for. The twenties were also known as the Jazz Age because jazz music grew in popularity. â€Å"During the 1920s jazz music flourished, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked, and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ended the era, as the Great Depression set in† (â€Å"roaring twenties†). The Roaring Twenties were trying to break from traditions of the Victorian way of life. Since the 1920s was a time of celebration, there were many fads.Young women’s fashion of the 1920s was both a trend and a social statement. They were labeled ‘flappers’ by the older generations. â€Å"Flapper† was a popular slang for a very young prostitute or a lively mid-teenage girl. â€Å"The image of flappers were young women who went to jazz clubs at n ight where they danced provocatively, smoked cigarettes through long holders, and dated freely, perhaps indiscriminately. They rode bicycles, drove cars, and openly drank alcohol, a defiant act in the American period of Prohibition† (â€Å"flapper†). They were seen as rude and self-assertive for their behavior. The ‘new’ woman was less invested in social service than the Progressive generations, and in tune with the capitalistic spirit of the era, she was eager to compete and to find personal fulfillment† (â€Å"roaring twenties†). Flappers as a social group were separate from other 1920s groups; their behavior was bizarre at the time. They challenged women’s traditional public roles, supporting voting and women’s rights. Some flappers weren’t into the politics. â€Å"Older suffragettes, who fought for the right for women to vote, viewed flappers as vapid and in some ways unworthy of the enfranchisement they had worked so hard to win† (â€Å"flapper†).In addition to their strange behavior, they were known for their style. Flapper style made girls look young and boyish. They had a chin-length bob hairstyle and wore straight waist dresses with a hemline above the knee. The risen hemline allowed flashing of the legs when a girl danced. They also removed the corset from female fashion. Until the 1920s, cosmetics were not accepted in American society because of its association with prostitution but flappers made cosmetics popular. High heels also came into style, 2-3 inches high.Writers and illustrators in the United States popularized the flapper look through their works, making flappers appealing and independent. Even though the flapper look and lifestyle were popular at the time, it could not last through the Wall Street Crash or the Great Depression. Another popular era for fashion was the 1960s, more commonly called The Sixties. The sixties was a movement escaping from the conservative w ays of the fifties and eventually resulted in revolutionary ways of thinking and real changes in the culture of American life (Goodwin).The Civil Rights Movement played a major role of changes in society in the 1960s, starting with Martin Luther King Jr. In 1961, John F. Kennedy was elected president, becoming the youngest president to ever hold office. The Vietnam War was a major event in the 1960s that absorbed a lot of national attention. The draft took place followed by anti-war outlook. The National Organization of Women questioned the unequal treatment of women in the society. The hippie movement arose as a result of young people not content with the generation ahead of them. The sixties was a decade that broke many fashion traditions, mirroring social movements during the period† (â€Å"fashion†). The sixties were the age of youth, who wanted change. The changes they were looking for affected education, values, lifestyles, laws and entertainment (Goodwin). There were so many young people in the sixties due to the post-war baby boom. The children had grown up and were becoming teenagers and young adults. These youths changed the fashion, the fads, and the politics of the decade (Goodwin).They dressed to convey rebellion. â€Å"The sixties began a decade which may well be recorded as one of the most fashion-conscious periods in recent history, challenging the 1890s and the 1920s† (â€Å"1960s fashion†). The hippie movement arose during the mid-1960s. Hippies didn’t focus on what others thought, they believed in ‘equality for all’. Hippie characteristics comprised of listening to rock, accepting sexual revolution and the use of drugs such as marijuana and LSD to explore alternative states of consciousness (â€Å"hippie†).Hippies were pacifists, the belief that any violence is unjustifiable, under any circumstances, and that all arguments should be settled by peaceful meanings. They participated civil ri ghts marches and anti-Vietnam War protests. â€Å"The late 1960 produced a style categorized of people whom promoted sexual liberation and favored a type of politics reflecting ‘peace, love and freedom’† (â€Å"fashion†). By 1965, hippies had become an established social group in the United States. By 1968, the hippie look was in style. Hippie’s way of dress and grooming was one way of expressing their thought of independence.Both genders wore bell-bottomed jeans, tie-dyed shirts, headbands and sandals. Women often went barefoot and braless. Teenage girls often wore fringed buckskin vests, flowing long dress, Mexican peasant blouses, gypsy-style skirts, scarves, and bangles (â€Å"fashion†). Fabrics frequently consisted of animal or paisley prints. Both men and women grew their hair out long, including men’s facial hair. Further trends included love beads, peace signs, body piercing and tattoo body art. Hippies wore clothes that they f elt communicated themselves and their individualism. Hippies repelled the post war ugliness in the world and turned the attention of fashion stalwarts towards as much natural beauty as possible† (Borade). The 1920s and the 1960s style of fashion appears to be very diverse. When observing each era’s attire they portray different looks. In the twenties, they wore dark colors opposed to the sixties where they wore very bright colors and patterns. Flappers wore tight, short dresses while hippies wore loose, floor length dresses. Flappers popularized make-up, wearing very drastic blush and lipstick. Hippies wanted to be natural so they didn’t wear any make-up.Although they seemed completely different, their motives behind their eccentric fashion were the same. They were both rebelling against the norm and trying to prove their independence. Fashion is a way of expressing personality and independence. Every person has their own sense of style and they show that through the way they dress. Everyday people get dressed, choosing clothes that they like and illustrate them best. Clothes are talked about, thought about and worn daily. Each era has a different fashion that shows up in clothes, attitude, personality and behavior.